THE STOCK MARKET
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•In the largest city in many countries around the. world, you may want to visit the stock exchange. There are stock exchanges in Paris, London, Tokyo, Toronto, and many other places. One of the largest, most famous, and most important stock exchanges in the world is located in New York City.
•Perhaps you can guess what happens at a stock market from its name. It is called a market because it is a place where some people sell things and others buy things. An exchange of things takes place. The things that are exchanged at the stock market are shares of stock in businesses or companies. The shares represent partial ownership of the company. In other words, if you buy shares of stock in a business, you become a partial owner of the business. The stock market or stock exchange, then, is a place where people can buy or sell shares in a particular company or business.
•Investors who buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money right away. Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the investor. This money that is shared is called a dividend. Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they own the stock. A second way that investors may make money is to sell the stock at a higher price than they paid when they bought it. The price of each share of stock goes up ¡f the company does very well. It may also go up for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a profit.
•The process of investing money in the stock market is Somewhat more complex than this, But for everyone who wants to invest money in the market, the process ¡s basically the same. Almost all stock markets work the same way. In each country, of course, there are special laws for the stock market, 10 make sure that everyone has a fair chance to make money by investing.
•The company may do badly. Then the stock will go down, and the investors will lose money. The stock may go up or down for a number of very complex reasons. Everyone wants the stock market to go up, but sometimes even when a company does well the stock may go down. This is usually true for all stocks.
EXERCISES
1)List three cities which have stock exchanges.
2)What happens at a stock exchange?
3)Who buys stock?
4)Why do people buy Stock?
5)Why do companies sail stock?
6)Explain what dividends are.
7)What is a broker?
8)Explain why Mr. and Mrs. Smith's investment is a good one.
9)Why is investing money in the stock market a gamble?
Animal Language
Some people say that human beings are the only animals that have language.
Is this true
Some animals certainly seem to have a communication system. For example
The bee has ways of telling other bees about food.
The dolphin a kind of fish, has ways of giving information to other dolphins.
The monkey, an animal that is similar to humans in many ways, can use a human language sytetem.
However
Does this mean animals have language?
We will study each of these animals to try to answer this question.
Bees are very small animals which fly through the air to look for flowers for food.
Been have been studied by Karl von Frish who was a Nobel Prize for his work.
He studied bees’ activities when they returned to their home called a hive.
When a bee found some food it returned to the hive and danced.
The dance was the way the bee communicated to other bees the fact that it had found food.
Bees do two kinds of dances to tell other bees of their discovery of food.
First, there is a round dance. In this dance, the bee moves in a circle inside the hive.
The round dance is used when food is close by. The bees also smell the bee that has found the round dance and smelling the bee that has found the food the other bees can find the food source.
A second kind of dance done by the bees is a tail- wagging dance. In this dance, the bee wiggles the end of its body as it moves in a straight line the tail- wagging dance is used when the food is for away the bees’ communication system is extremely interesting.
Karl von frish did an experiment with bees He put a food source very high above the bee hive, and put a bee into the food.
The bee returned to the hive and did the round dance but none of the other bees could find the food this suggests that bees do not really have a language. One bee could not tell the other bees the height of the food. One bee could not communicate this new information to the others.
The dolphins, has three kinds of call or noises to tell other dolphins about food danger or their things.
Monkeys are very intelligent and similar to humans. Because of this similarity some scientists in the late 1940’s tried to teach a monkey named VIKI to talk.
After a year, VIKI could, only say a few words.
Part of the problem with this experiment is monkeys do not have the some kind of mouth and throat as humans experiment with Viki did not work well.
In the mid- 1960’s other scientists tried to teach a monkey named Washoe to use a sign language. In a sign language, words are not spoken. Instead, signs are made with the hands. Many people who cannot speak or hear use this sign language.
After two years, Washoe could make thirty four signs with her hands for example, she could put three fingers next to her ear as a signs for her name Washoe. She could also use the signs for “came here” she could also do two other things
First, she combined signs to make sentences.
Second, she used one sign for all things of one kind, generalizing her use of the sign.
A third group of scientist have been working with a monkey named LANA in the past few years.
Lana is being studied at the Yerkes primate Research center in the United States the scents who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentences. She makes sentences by pressing symbols on a computer board
Lana may ask computer to give her food, water or toys, Lana has learned to use the nearly 100 symbols on the computer board Lana has also show that different word order have different meanings for her.
These experiment are interesting because they tell us more about animals. They are also interesting because they may help us learn language. They system used teach Washoe has helped some humans to learn language
Exercise comprehension
1)Describe the bees’ communication in general.
2)Explain the different between the bee’ round dance and their tail-wagging dance.
3)How are the two dances similar?
4)Describe von fresh's experiment with the bees.
5)Why have dolphins been studied by scientists?
6)What special abilities did Washoe have?
7)Describe the work that has been done with Lana.
8)Give two definitions of language.
9)Have humans been helped by animal language experiments? How?
OSome people say that human beings are the only animals that have language, ¿It is true?, A person must have a good definition of language, different kinds of animals must be studied, Some animals certainly seem to have a communication system that may or not be a language, for example: the bee has ways of telling other bees about food.
OBees are very animals which fly through the air tolook for flowers for food. Bees have been studied byKarl von Frisch who won a Novel Prize about bees’activities when they returned to their home called ahive, when a bee found some food it returned to thehive and danced.
O first.- The dance was the way the bee communicated to other bees the fact that
it had found food, and bees
do two kinds of dances to tell
other bees of their discovery
of food, the bee moves in a
circle inside the hive, and
the food not be more than
ten meters away.
OSecond.- kind of dance done by bees is a tail-wagging dance, as wiggles the end of its body as it moves in a straight line, the tail-wagging dance is used when the food is far away of ten meters, and the bee dance wiggles shows the direction that must fly in to find the food.
OThe smell tells them
what kind of flower to
look for, after watching
the round tail-wagging
dance and smelling
that has found the food.
OKarl von Frisch did an experiment with bees, put a food source very high above the bee hive, the bee returned to the hive and did the round dance.
OODolphins, like bees, the scientist have not studiedthe dolphin as carefully as they have studied thebee. A few experiments with dolphin has beenstudied because its general behavior is much likethat of human.
OThe dolphin has three kinds of calls or noises to tell other dolphin about food, danger, or other things.
OØMonkeys are very intelligent and similar to humans, and more difficult to decide whether monkeys havelanguage.
ØBecause of this similarity, some scientists in the late 1940, tried to teach a monkey named Viki to talk, and after year Viki could only say a few words.
Problem with this experiment is that monkeys do not have the same kind
OOther scientists tried to teach a monkey named Washoe to use a sign language, words are not spoken. Instead, signs are made with hands. It seemed to be a better kind of language to teach to a monkey, after two years, Washoe could make thirty-four signs with her hands. For example, she could put three fingers next to her ear as a sign for her name, another, she could also use the sign for «come here», putting her arm out, and bending it back toward herself.
OA thrid group of scientist have been working with a monkey named Lana in the past few years. Lana is being studied at the Yerkes Primate research Center in the U.S.
OThe scientists who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentence by pressing symbols on a computer board,
OLana may ask the computer to give her food, water, or toys.
Lana has learned to use the nearly 100 symbols on the computer board
1.Describe the bees’ communication system in general.
The bees’ communication system is extremely interesting, each can tell all the other bees where to look for food.
For example, The bee has ways of telling other bees about food.
2. Explain the difference between the bees’ round dance and their tail- wagging dance.
ØThe bee wiggles the end of its body as it moves in a straight line, and shows the direction that the bees must fly in to find the food.
ØThe tail-wagging dance is used when the food is far away
3. How are the two dances similiar?
ØThere is a round dance, the bee moves in a circle inside the hive.
ØThe round dance is used when food is close by.
4. Describe von Frisch’s experiment with the bees.
He put a food source very high above the bee hive, and put a bee into the food,the bee returned to the hive and did the round dance.
5.Why have dolphins been studied by scientists?
The dolphin has been studied, because its general behavior is much like that of human.
6. Why was the experiment with the monkey named Viki a failure?
ØBecause of this similarity some scientist in the late 1940 tried to teach a monkey named Viki to talk.
ØPart of the problem with this experiment is that monkeys do not have the same kind of mounth and throat as humans.
7. What special abilities did Washoe have?
ØWashoe have special abilities a to use a sign language, words are not spoken, it seemed tobe a better kind od language to teach to a monkey.
ØAfter two years, Washoe could make thirty.four sigs with her hand
8. Describe the work that has been done with Lana.
ØThe scientists who are working with Lana are studying her ability to make sentences.
ØLana may ask the computer to give her food, water, or toys.
ØLana has also shown that different word orders have different meanings for her.
9. Give two definitions of language.
ØThis definition is used, then bees, dolphins, monkeys all have a language, but language may be defined of different way.
ØThen bees, dolphins do not have a language, but monkeys are clearly able to combine symbols in a human language, that they have been taught.
10. Have humans been helped by animal language experimentals? How?
ØThey are interesting because they may help us learn language, the system used to teach Washoe has helped some humans to learn language.
Open Education
University State of Bolivar
Faculty: Education Sciences
Career: English
School: Informatics Science
Subject: Reading and Writing
Student: Jaime Andrés Gutierrez
Teacher: Lic. Mideros Pazmiño
Date: 08/01/2015
Open education
Open education
This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people and to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning.
*This look at open education has two parts:
1. The first part has to do with, how the teacher feels about the students.
In open education, the teacher’s feelings are very different. They expect the students to be responsible for the things that they do, just as adults are. A student’s ideas and feelings are just as important as the teacher’s. The teacher allows the students to decide what they want to do, The teacher lets them decide what to study and how much to study. It is very important for the teacher to show how he or she feels about the students.
2. The second part has to do with what the teacher does in the classroom.
In open education, the teacher allows the students to choose what to do. There are no specific things for the students to do. There are no traditional rules made by the teacher. The only rules in an open classroom are rules for everyone’s safety. The students are allowed to discover subjects in the open classroom, instead of being made to study them.
1_ What is your opinión?
My opinion of the open education allows students to be responsible for their own education.
2_ Define open education.
Allows the students to grow as people and to develop their own interests in many subjects.
3_ Explain two ways that open education is different from traditional education.
üIn open education, the teacher’s feelings are very different They expect the students to be responsible for the things that they do.
üIn open education, the teacher allows the students to choose what to do.
4_ Why is open education a good idea?
The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning.
5_ what kinds of students do well in open education?
7_ Name some other problems of open education.
The writer believes that most students, want some structure in their classes.
8_ What does the author think of open education?
The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school.
9_ Why is it hard to apply the ideas of open education?
They want and need to have rules.
10_ What ideas of open education may be easy to apply?
The teacher can apply some of the ideas of open education to a class easily. But changing the way the classroom is run is more
